In his recent work, "Mamdanis American Dream," [1] discusses how the concept of an idealized Western model has shifted in recent years. While Francis Fukuyama's 1990s thesis posited that liberal-democratic welfare-state capitalism was the pinnacle of political and economic organization, Mamdani challenges this notion by examining its flaws from a global perspective. Mamdani argues that while Western countries have seen significant progress in terms of social stability and economic growth, these benefits are often unevenly distributed. He points out that many developing nations struggle to replicate such systems due to varying levels of political will and resource availability. [1] cites the work as an insightful critique of Fukuyama's thesis, highlighting how Mamdani's perspective offers a more nuanced view by considering the diverse contexts in which these models operate. [2], on the other hand, presents a more critical stance, suggesting that Mamdani's analysis is overly pessimistic and fails to acknowledge potential solutions.